Quantum Mechanics for Engineers |
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© Leon van Dommelen |
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2.1 Complex Numbers
Quantum mechanics is full of complex numbers, numbers involving
Note that is not an ordinary, real
,
number, since there is no real number whose square is 1; the square
of a real number is always positive. This section summarizes the
most important properties of complex numbers.
First, any complex number, call it , can by definition always
be written in the form
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(2.1) |
where both and are ordinary real numbers, not involving
. The number is called the real part of and the imaginary part.
You can think of the real and imaginary parts of a complex number
as the components of a two-dimensional vector:
The length of that vector is called the “magnitude,” or “absolute value” of the complex number. It equals
Complex numbers can be manipulated pretty much in the same way as
ordinary numbers can. A relation to remember is:
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(2.2) |
which can be verified by multiplying the top and bottom of the
fraction by and noting that by definition 1 in the
bottom.
The complex conjugate of a complex number , denoted by
, is found by replacing everywhere by .
In particular, if , where and
are real numbers, the complex conjugate is
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(2.3) |
The following picture shows that graphically, you get the complex
conjugate of a complex number by flipping it over around the
horizontal axis:
You can get the magnitude of a complex number by multiplying
with its complex conjugate and taking a square root:
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(2.4) |
If , where and are real
numbers, multiplying out shows the magnitude of to be
which is indeed the same as before.
From the above graph of the vector representing a complex number
, the real part is where
is the angle that the vector makes with the horizontal axis, and the
imaginary part is . So you can write
any complex number in the form
The critically important Euler formula says that:
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(2.5) |
So, any complex number can be written in polar form
as
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(2.6) |
where both the magnitude and the phase angle (or argument)
are real numbers.
Any complex number of magnitude one can therefore be written as
. Note that the only two real numbers of
magnitude one, 1 and 1, are included for 0,
respectively . The number is obtained
for 2 and for
2.
(See derivation {D.7} if you want to know where the Euler
formula comes from.)
Key Points
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- Complex numbers include the square root of minus one,
, as a valid number.
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- All complex numbers can be written as a real part plus
times an imaginary part, where both parts are normal real numbers.
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- The complex conjugate of a complex number is obtained by
replacing everywhere by .
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- The magnitude of a complex number is obtained by multiplying the
number by its complex conjugate and then taking a square root.
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- The Euler formula relates exponentials to sines and cosines.
2.1 Review Questions
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1.
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Multiply out and then find its real and imaginary part.
Solution mathcplx-a
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2.
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Show more directly that 1 .
Solution mathcplx-b
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3.
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Multiply out and then find its real and imaginary part.
Solution mathcplx-c
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4.
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Find the magnitude or absolute value of .
Solution mathcplx-d
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5.
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Verify that is still the complex conjugate of if both are multiplied out.
Solution mathcplx-e
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6.
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Verify that is still the complex conjugate of after both are rewritten using the Euler formula.
Solution mathcplx-f
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7.
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Verify that 2 .
Solution mathcplx-g
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8.
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Verify that .
Solution mathcplx-h